Chapter 4&5

In terms of printing photos, the best file type for printing would be jpeg.  If you are planning on printing a word document or designed page, pdfs would work the best because when the files are sent to the printers, they can't damage or change around your designs.  When considering a file that you shouldn't try to print, designers should stay away from indd, ai, etc.  When a designer sends file types that are still open without packaging them multiple errors can come forward.  Font styles, pictures, and other images could potentially be lost in the transfer of files. 
A pixel is a minute area of illumination on a display screen, one of many from which an image is composed.  A Jpg is a file type that helps keep pixels from being compressed or destroyed and keeps the pictures in good quality.  When dealing with RAW files the data has been minimally processed from whatever recieved the image such as a digital camera, image scanner or motion picture film scanner.  RAW files are very large in size and can not be printed until they are processed.
PPI resolution stands for pixels per inch.  In every square inch of an image there is a count of pixels in the area.  The more pixels that make up a square inch, the larger the file size is.
Bitmaps, or pixmap, are a type of memory organization in computer graphics.  They can also be image file formats that are used to store digital images.  
When you crop an image in a graphics program, the image is being manipulated to frame the parts of the image that the artist thinks are important or relevant to the design.  By cropping an image, you can eliminate parts of an image that is unwanted or unnecessary.
When rotating an image, the design artist manipulates an image so that it faces a different angle.  Images can be rotated 90, 180, or 360 degrees in a design.
When changing the transparency of an object in a design program, the artist is changing how much of the image is seen in the image.  By making something transparent, you can make an overlay that is more see through, or create a background that isn't as bright.
Vector graphics is the use of points, lines, curves, shapes and polygons or other geometrical primitives based on mathematical expressions to represent images in computer graphics.  Working with raster tools in the vector format is the best way to approach vector graphics.
When a file is embedded with fonts, the fonts are available for viewing even if the computer used to open the file doesn't have the fonts present.  Generally, the type of file a font can be embedded in is a pdf file.
When text is converted to outlines it can be manipulated as an image.  It is no longer surrounded by a text box and can be stretched and conformed by the direct selection tool.  When text is conformed to outlines, every letter can be changed to a different color with a different color or size stroke.
When you simplify paths in a design file, you make the file size smaller and the the project cleaner.  When a path is simplified, excess points are removed from the file.


Source:
http://www.thephotoforum.com/forum/photography-beginners-forum-photo-gallery/180228-best-file-extension-print-web.html
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/JPEG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAW_file

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap_Image

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics